Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis :: Health Medicine

Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterizedby an early focal skin lesion, and afterwards a growing red area on theskin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder whitethorn be followedweeks later by neurological, heart or juncture abnormalities.Symptomatology The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythemachronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration(macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usuallyappears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock orthe under arm. This spot expands, oft with central clearing, to adiameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients withLyme disease report having been bitten at that point by a tiny tick 3 to 32days before fire of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon afteronset nearly fractional the patients develop multiple smaller lesions withouthardened cent ers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types oflesions may subsequently appear during resolution. fountain skin lesions mayreappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesionsof the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a fewdays, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sorethroat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, butmalaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occurringwithin weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years.Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints(polyarthritis) without joint jut may occur. Later, longer attacksof swelling and pain in several large joints, especi ally the knees,typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much moreswollen than painful they are often hot, but rarely red. Bakers cysts(a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis.About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittentfor 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with

Animal Rights and Animal Testing :: Rights Equality Animals Science Essays

Animal Rights and Animal Testing Many public use brutes for interrogatory each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through and through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they possess been used for. Animals are used to induce cures for diseases or to test drugs that guide mild case effects. They are also used to test materials for cosmetic research. Except for severely limited medical research, animal testing should be outlawed. Animal testing endangers the animals lives and may cause serious side affect that last the rest of their lives. Others believe that they should not test medicine on humans because humans lives are more precious than that of the animals. They believe that since animals have no rights that they should be used for testing. There are three very important reasons why animals should not be used for testing harmful or dangerous materials. One of these is that testing and its use is trivial in the cosme tic industry. The second reason is that animals have rights and animals can feel pleasure and pain just as humans do. The third reason is that testing is cruel and unusual. Another reason is that animal testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. Testing on animals for the cosmetic industry is not necessary because they have many other ways to find out if it harms the human race. The testing that goes on is harmful to the animals and can cause serious side effects. The cosmetic companies hold down bunnies in vices and spray the cosmetics into their look to see if it cause them redness, stinging, or even blindness. They also have baboons strapped down with their heads in vices to do certain tests on them. Animals are also used by pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs and health supplements. They estimate that 17 to 22 million animals are used each year for medical research, and these estimates do not admit rats, mice, fish, and farm animals. That means that 90% of all research animals are not included in the statistics. Too many animals are being tested and they do not even need to use the animals for these tests. They can use computer software materials and get the same results. One more point is that animals do have rights.

Gideon vs. Wainwright :: essays research papers

Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested in 1961 and charged with breaking and entering a puss h either with intent to commit theft, by taking money out of vending machines. What he did at the time was considered a felony. When it came time to have the campaign he did not have enough money for a lawyer and asked that one be appointed to defend him. The judge denied the request saying that infra Florida state law counsel usher out be appointed only in a capital offense. Since Gideon didnt have a lawyer and was not educated to defend himself he lost easily to the prosecution. Gideon was then sentenced to five years in prison. He then filed out a writ of certiorari, which is a petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States asking for them to review his case. The Court granted Gideons request and appointed Abe Fortas to represent him as his lawyer.This was a really controversial issue, because the court faced the decision of whether to go with the laws that the forefathers h ad come up with or grant people proper(ip) to counsel so that the truth can be brought out. The issue was whether the state of Florida violated Gideons Sixth Amendment right to counsel, made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, because they did not provide him with the assistance of counsel for his flagitious defense.The Court ruled unanimously in Gideons favor and held that the Fourteenth Amendment included state as well as federal defendants. The Court said that all states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one. Through the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause, the Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right to counsel applies to the states. Gideon won his case and took the groundbreaking step in public defense lawyers being there for people that cannot afford a lawyer of their own.