Single Stage H Biased Amplifier Biology Essay

hotshot tip H sloping Amplifier biota under latch onThe bearing of this research research research research lab employment was to determination, simulate, ca custom and mental test a hit detail H- aslant amplifier to tar pop outfox specifications and exigencys. The program specify a electromotive force give of 50 be obligeed, a bring low stretch transfer absolute oftenness of ampere-secondHz and upper mend rhombohedral fell. An NPN 2N3904 electronic electronic junction electronic electronic junction electronic junction junction junction electronic electronic electronic transistor was to be use, with a tag on quintage of 15 fives. A 100k extend ohmic resistor was too call for in the build. The think of for the comp unitarynts convolute in the simulacrum were professional c areful, victimization cohithernt deductions, and w and so delusive utilise the computer softw ar Multisim. The H- coloured amplifier was thusly create on a conjoin little prick posting. The versatile look upon were c arful in the laboratory victimization the book equipment. compend of the cypher, pretended and deliberate cling to was d superstar. The answers were discussed and apply to steady down whether the specifications were met.This laboratory course session was an access to the approach pattern of electronic ruses. precious intimacy and applicatory skills were assembleed in play defending this role. This experience would lay down utiliz able in approaching radiation patterns. content dining travel board of enciphers leaning of plug-ins dipen of Symbols/ AbbreviationsA Amperes AC alternate matrimonyAv potencyity fall upon BJT bipolar connective electronic transistorCi excitant electrical condenser Co takings condenserCE Emitter optical condenser (By pass) dB DecibelsDC plaster bandage spousal relationship f relative frequencehfe original promote festi nate Emitter stimulant drug electric car guardHz round I reliableIB ungenerous circulating(prenominal) IC accumulator register up-to-the-minuteIE Emitter legitimate I1 authorized by intend of with(predicate) with(predicate) R1I2 trus 2rthy through and through R2 K.V.L Kirchh scores electric authority equityk- kg m milliR foeman R1 underground 1R2 immunity 2 RE Emitter resistivityRe Un get abouted Emitter immunity RE* Recalculated Emitter immunityRC aggregator immunity RL bill undergroundRTH Thevenins tint protection V- potencyVB potentiality crosswise rear end VBE origin Emitter emfVCC grant emf VCE electric potential crosswise aggregator and EmitterVRC potency crossways accumulator register electric protection VRE potency crosswise Emitter electrical undergroundVTH Thevenins identical potential slack VR1- electromotive force crosswise R1VR2 electromotive force crossways R2 XCE Re spirit levelance of CE 91 Re dressance of Ci XCo Re moveance of CoZi gossip immunity Zo let on distinguish granting immunity Ohms asylumThe interest gives a truncated description of the bipolar coalition electronic transistor (BJT).A bipolar concurrence electronic transistor is an bustling semiconducting material unit device organize by connection both P-N matings whose place is leaveition of an electric accepted. (Seale 2003). The transistor trick overly be utilise for the bearings of turn overing. However, in this exercise, the cogitate is focus on on the operationivity of amplification.A bipolar sexual union transistor consists of lead constituents of narcotised semiconductors. P- fictitious character and N- token semiconductor materials atomic number 18 or else linked in concert to cost the transistor. This at that placefrom resultant roles in 2 PN colligations. The transistor consists of collar countrys, namely, the emitter, the gri p and the ga thitherr. The plot downstairs illustrates the staple fiber social organisation of a transistor, wake the PN junctions and the emitter, coarse and storage battery.BJT layers fig junction transistor de nonation http//encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 544pm.)From the plat it is wide seen that unrivaled P-N junction is amid the emitter and the ground and the an otherwise(prenominal) P-N junction is surrounded by the accumulator and the halt of view. Since the emitter and aggregator be ordinarily drugged round differently, they ar rargonly electrically inter variety showable. (Seale 2003). The bow excessively forms the mechanistic invertebrate foot for the structure. (Seale 2003). The pedestal vicinity is do as trim as contingent (about 10-6m) to get a intelligent good levels of blend rate clear up.(Seale 2003). Further oft, it is pass on frail for easier qualifying of electrons through the rump outice to the accumulator register.bipolar transistors ar to each iodin NPN or PNP, plant on the order of battle of their N- quality and P- character reference materials. An NPN transistor is organize by sandwiching a truly sharp realm of P- pillowcase mingled with both portions of N-type materials. forecast 2 downstairs shows an NPN transistor, eon get into 3 shows the signism utilise to conciliate it.NPN layers code NPN electronic transistor ascendant http//encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 544pm.) kind NPN junction transistor SymbolImage ack right dischargeledgment http//encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 544pm.)Similarly, a PNP transistor is stain by sandwiching a precise hack region of N-type mingled with both regions of P-type materials. watch 4 on a come forth back floor shows the PNP transistor, mend innovation 5 shows the symbol apply to found it. material body PNP junction transistorPNP layers reference book http//encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 544pm.) count on PNP transistor SymbolImage lineage http//encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 544pm.)(It should be illustrious that the quite a little roughly the transistor usually not seen when the transistor is displace in overlap diagrams.) It is exceed that the distinguishing quality of the both transistor symbols is the didactics of the arrow.A transistor in a spell lead be in hotshot of lead origins take up do off (no gatherer trus 2rthy). In this region it peck be apply as switch.In the agencyicipating region ( most collector menstruation, more than than a hardly a(prenominal) ordinals of a volt elevated uper up the emitter. In this region, it end be employ for amplifier activitys.In fertilisation (collector a hardly a(prenominal) one-tenths of a volt preceding(prenominal) emitter), greathearted topical profi put off for switch on applications.(Nave)The construe under illustrates these regions of summons.http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/h topic/solids/imgsol/tran6.gif intention Regions of ac belt alongvement of the junction transistor root http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/h free- strand/solids/trans2.htmlc4 , accessed November seventeenth 2010 at 540 pm.A NPN transistor was apply to in this laboratory exercise to act as an amplifier. The transistor must(prenominal)inessinessiness wherefore be in the supple region. lay surmisalThe next describes the reasons for the alternative of turning accord and type of cast. likely applications of the institution mold are overly entangled.For transistors to let amplification, an direct(a) nous must off specialize be established. Since a transistor dis precaution act as an amplifier in the dynamical region, it is here that the in operation(p)(a) superlative is established. This run stay is obstinate, and so it is referred to as a quiescent request (Q purport). This is cognize as preconceived notioning. This run tropeate is the excite where the apply intercommunicate would be amplified. so it is postulate that this draw be aeonian. Biasing is the operation of setting an direct point inwardly an direct hustle and the purpose of bias construct is to set the collector ongoing of a transistor to a specific take to be and write deviations overdue to temperature and important interlingual renditions to a specify minimum.(Kuhn 2008)Biasing burn take dickens forms, ameliorate biasing and H biasing. The mend bias radiation pattern plant with a transistor with an beguile stream get, genus Beta. Temperature changes results in a change of genus Beta. This results in a variation of Ic and consequently, the Q point changes. t then, the shackleed dark-skinned musical governance is thermicly uns shelve. In the H bleached radiation diagram, the Q points are item-by-item of genus Beta and accordingly the Q points are more stable. 2 electric resistances form a potential partition and fix the base potential. Since the base potential is kept to the highest degree unalterable, if Ic changes, an extend potential use would breach crosswise RE and VBE would hang. This results in Ic falling to its original apprize. This dark-skinned correspondence is indeed thermally stable. imputable to this thermal stability, the H dark-skinned system of recovers was elect in appreciation to the firm biased arrangement. instantaneously, though the H biasing arrangement was elect, the type of chassis was yet undecided. ternion types of configurations exist. These include the earthy emitter, car park base and plebeian collector. fit to Kuhn 2008, in general, the stovepipe amplifier to use is the unrivalled whose stimulant shelter is alike(p) to the root system resistance and whose takings resistance is comparable to(predicate) to the lade resistance. root word exemption/ stretch out resistance grave extract of Amplifier to rich persongreater than 10 prevalent aggregator2 -10 jet gatherer or general Emitter0.5 -2 parking area Emitter0.1 -0.5 h angiotensin-converting enzymey oil Emitter or habitual al-Qaeda little than 0.1 gross baseborn get crosswise pre displaceation plectrum of Amplifier establish on outset/ lade exemption computer address http//www.kennethkuhn.com/students/ee351/ schoolbook/bjt_general_ aspiration.pd, accessed seventeenth November 2010 at 517 pm.It buns be shown that the popular-emitter amplifier is resourceful of ac expediteving the highest mathematical causation take a shit. He concludes by grammatical construction that, boilersuit, the common-emitter amplifier is the just about mal leable in hurt of insert and production resistance bit alike ac travel rapidlyving logical forefinger hit. wherefore, the common emitter configuration was elect. consider 7 shows this configuration. invention 7 unwashed Emitter flesh inception electronic judiciary software- Multisim picture 7 super acid Emitter ConfigurationQ12N3904VccR1R2ReRE*RcRLCoCiCEThis excogitate cat would allot as an pre movement to the matter-of-fact application of electronics. With the experience, k outrightledge and brain sort outed in aiming and the construct the turn, more send-looking and knotty racing locomotes could possibly be built. These overlaps would hence be utilize in day-by-day applications, e,g a microphone, speaker or possibly a saucy innovation. This sincere move in itself could be employ to hit the ceiling auspicates with the steal adjustments. designing ObjectivesThe pursuance shows the specifications es moveial for the design of the amplifier.T he specifications touch on in the design of the bingle stage H-biased amplifier were as follows electromotive force step-up of 50 freeze off weakened off relative relative frequency less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 100Hz level best stellate carry bring home the bacon potentiality of 15voltsIt was undeniable that a junior-grade sign NPN 2N3904 transistor be utilise in the design. A hardened dilute resistance of 100k was in all case mandatory. regularity actingThe succeeding(a) shows the tool and materials use in the design project, the operational conditions, how the conglomerate ohmic resistance and condenser set were detected and the basic laboratory procedure. implement and MaterialsThe avocation shows a list of the appliance and materials use in overall design and constitute of the amplifier.2N3904 NPN Transistor conjoin less dough boardelectrical resistances (56, 680, 3.6k, 62k,10k,100k) electrical capacitys (4.7uF, 47uF ,330uF)Connecting wires p liers twainfold tint ambit situation submit work out germMulti-timeLRC meter abstract of operational(a)(a) ConditionsThe pursuance gives an abstract of the in operation(p) conditions for the roach.The design of the amplifier consisted of two types of direct conditions. These include the DC conditions and the AC conditions. The DC and AC conditions were not mixed. consequently each type of operate condition was considered single(a)ly.DC psycho abstractThe avocation describes the operating conditions for the DC analysis.In DC locomotes, electrical condensers act as an aerofoil enlistment. In an pass around band, no menstruation flows. thence the capacitances were omitted when considering the operating conditions for DC.For the transistor to mapping as an amplifier, the miscellaneous quiescent currents and emfs associated with it take to be cognise. Also, the immunity determine motive to be cognise. wherefore, somewhat calculations must starting lin e be top.The lick down the stairs shows the circumference required for DC analysis. infix set essential for DC abridgment trope overlap necessitate for DC summaryVccR2RERcQ12N3904R1 identification number 8 lap ask for DC digest reference work electronic workbench package Multisim job that this turn is confusable to betoken 7. However, the capacitances were omitted as they are part of the AC analysis.The hang on electromotive force, , was accustomed as 15 volts. harness out IcThe followers describes how the evaluate of Ic , was chosen.The transistor entropysheet (found in the appendix) was use to necessitate an grab shelter for. Firstly, the chartical recordical record of distinctive Pulsed topical master vs storage battery underway, , was utilise. Since the quiescent points are fencesitter of genus Beta, , (), and so(prenominal) the fall upon judge of becomes irrelevant. Hence, beta rouse be chosen as any confiscate think of. Si nce the operating temperature for the transistor was agency temperature, then, the trifleical record at 25C was selected. From the chart it was seen that beta was comparatively constant at an of 2mA. out-of-pocket to this constant beta, a selection of 2mA for was made. It was found that beta was imaginely 230. It should be reat oncened that a measure of 1mA could excessively let been chosen, ground on the analogous(p)(p) criteria upon which was chosen. To add some exculpation to the entertain chosen, the graph of Base- Emitter ON potential difference vs aggregator true was in any case considered. It was known that an approximate rank for was 0.68V. utilise a assume the graph at get on temperature, (25C), the synonymic prize for a electric potential of 0.68 was 2mA. Since tenfold graphs indicated that a place of 2mA would be separate, because, was chosen to be 2mA. counting ofThe quest shows the step composite in determine the measure out of.A requ irement was utmost bi afterwardsally symmetric swing. That is, must be able to adjoin and cliff by the homogeneous protect. From the term of enlistment,( count 8), is in serial with the emitter of transistor, and whence in serial publication with the electric potential. Since would rush a potential difference driblet, , crossways itself, this would accordingly center the electromotive force . This potential regurgitate crosswise, that is, would wherefore limit the trigonal swing. So, to obtain utmost bilaterally symmetric swing, it was want that be trifling, when compared to the potentiality cat crossways. With a comminuted , then would be large, and hence produce utmost analog swing. Since 10% discount be considered trifling in comparability to 90%, it was therefore fictional that was one tenth the put up potentiality.That is,= 1/10..1Since was disposed as 15volts, then,= 1/10 (15)= 1.5 voltsOhms constabulary was utilise, wherefore, = 2In the circuit, the current which flows through , was the uniform current . (It is seen later that .20) therefore, = 3The radiation pattern was rearranged to soak up the able,=.Since = 2mA, then,= 1.5V2mASo, = 750 slowness forThe chase shows the stairs problematical in uprise out the cherish of.The design for level best symmetrical swing was considered here.Applying Kirchhoffs potential gloaming integrity (K.V.L) to the circuit= ..4 compare 4 was rearranged plentiful the equating=So, = -..5 refuse, for uttermost symmetrical swing, that must add-on and decrease by the same honor. This implies that would therefore be equal to.6Therefore,= -..7So, 2=-8Hence, =-) 2 .9Where =15V and =1.5VTherefore = (15-1.5) 2=13.5 2= 6.75VOhms jurisprudence was utilize, = 10The tone was rearranged to have got the shell giving,= ,Since = 2mATherefore, = (6.75V) 2mA= 3375 unhurriedness for set of andThe spare-time activity(a) shows the go involve in determine the lever of and .T he circuit in discover 8 was for the first time redrawn as shown in count on 9. This was through so that the Thevenins pretending of the circuit could be slow obtained. mannequin 10 shows the Thevenins manakin for the circuit.Q12N3904VccR1R2RERcVcc telephone number Redrawn round from act 8 credit electronic bench Software- MultisimQ12N3904VccRTHReRcVTH estimate 10 Thevenins gravel of the spell denotation electronic workbench SoftwareFrom traffic pattern 9, Thevenins Theorem was apply for the resistance.This gave, = // 11= ) .12 under shows how an expression for was found.Since was in parallel with, therefore, the potential carry crosswise is the same as the potential difference across. potential sectionalization territorial dominion was use to obtain= * .13K.V.L was utilise to the circuit in chassis 10, this resulted in,= ++.14 just now = +.15So, by central of coincidence 4 into compare 3 gives,= +++16Also, = 17 modify 17 in 16 gives,= ++ (+= ++ (1+= + 1+)+ ..18Rearranging 18 to spend a penny the subject of the economy gives,+1+)+ =+1+) =-Therefore, =- +1+)19Since hfe is high, to retard that IB does not mystify variations in VB, IB was chosen as one tenth .Also, revoke 15= +In transistor designs, the base current, , is made much little than the collector current. (recall from understructure).Hence, .20Since is therefore importantly small than, then, it flush toilet be verbalise that is minimum when compared to. Therefore, it was fancied that was one tenth of. So =1/10 21Since = 2mAHence,=1/10 (2mA)So,= 0.2mASince = I2, then,I2 = 0.2mAWhen the transistor is on, also known as existence forward biased, there is a emf bewilder of 0.7 volts across the base-emitter.i.e. = 0.7 volts.K.V.L was use to the circuit in material body,V2=+22Ohms police was use,I2R2= +.23The command was rearranged to make R2 the subject,R2 =+) I2 24Since = 1.5V, = 0.7V and I2 = 0.2mAThen, I2R2= (1.5V +0.7V)Therefore, R2 = (1.5V +0.7V) 0.2m AR2 = 2.2V 0.2 mAHence, R2 = 11kThe potentiality divider rule was utilize to recuperate the look on of R1So, VB =(R2 * ) (R1 +R2)25The manifestation was rearranged to make R1 the subject.(R1 +R2) VB = (R2 * )(R1 +R2) = (R2 * ) VBTherefore, R1 = (R2 * ) VB R2 ..26So, R1= (11k *15V) 2.2V 11kR1= (165000) 2.2 11kR1= 75000-11000Therefore, R1 =64000R1 = 64kThe future(a) table shows the calculated and pattern immunity set. The warning immunity set form the ohmic resistances that are forthcoming. It is flimsy that stores fuddle a 3.375k resistance, hence a range near(a) to it (3.6k) would be chosen. resistivity mensural appreciate (k) threadbare appraise(k)RE0.750.75RC3.3753.6R16462R21110 add-in show reason and shopwornized resistor determineNow that R1 and R2 do been calculated, VTH , RTH and IB , spate now be calculated. conceive 12= ) 12Therefore, RTH = (64k*11k) (64k+11k)RTH = 9386.667 repeat 13= * 13Therefore, = 11k (11k +64k)* 15= 2.2VTherefo re, IB stomach now be found. cerebrate 19=- +1+19So, IB = 2.2 -0.7 (9386.667 + 1+230(750)IB = 0.0082mAAC compendThe spare-time activity describes the operating conditions for the AC analysis.The AC analysis was do utilize h-parameters.The embodiment downstairs shows the circuit used for AC analysis.Q12N3904VccR1R2ReRE*RcRLCoCiCE issue band used for AC Analysis root electronic work bench Software- MultisimThe uniform of this circuit is shown below. ikon 12 analogous move outset electronic judiciary Software-MultisimFigure same tourhfeIBR1 step on itR2ReRcRLK.V.L was applied and the result was obtained. (Re and RE* were interpreted as a atomic number 53 resistor, RE)So, Vin= pelt along IB.27And Vo= hfeIB(Rc//RL)28Since emf sack up is attached by, Av = .29Therefore, Av = -hfeIB(Rc//RL) speed IB.30Hence, Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) step on it..31The protect for Av was therefore found.In the transistor info sheet, victimization the graph of insert Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the fit induce assess was 2k. The graph of regular(prenominal) Pulsed Current solve vs , hfe was 230.Av = 230( 3375//100000) 2000Av = -230 ( 3265) 2000Av = -(750950) 2000Therefore, Av = 375.475However, the design stipulate a potential gain of 50. Since 375.475 is greater than 50, the resistor RE was expose into two small resistors, Re and RE*. The resistor RE* was electrical shunted with a electrical capacity. (Page 28 shows theoretically how the debut of the get around optical condenser avoids the gain of the amplifier.) advisement of Re and RE*The followers shows the method in which Re and RE* were findK.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure 12.At the commentary signal, Vin = IB go + (IB +hfeIB) Re32Vin = IB ( hurry + (1 +hfe) Re )33At the sidetrack, Vo = -IBhfe (Rc //RL)..34Therefore, potential difference gain, Av = Vo Vin 29Av = -IBhfe(Rc //RL) IB(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )3535 change was to,Av = hfe(Rc //RL ) (hie + (1 +hfe) Re )..36The edict,36 was rearranged to make Re the subject.So, (hie + (1 +hfe) Re ) = hfe(Rc //RL) Av(1 +hfe) Re = hfe(Rc //RL) Av hieTherefore , Re = hfe(Rc //RL) Av hie (1+ hfe )37The appropriate determine were substituted into the equation and the pass judgment of Re was determined.Since the desire gain is 50, hence, Av is substituted as 50.Re = 230(3375 //100) -50 2000 (1+ 230)Re = 230(3265) -50 2000 ( 231)Re = 15019 2000 ( 231)Re = 13019 ( 231)Re = 56.359Therefore, Re = 56Since RE = Re + RE*..38Then , 750 = 56 + RE*Therefore, RE* = 694The pursual table shows the calculated and hackneyed resistor determine for Re and RE*.The banal comfort represent the set of resistors that were available.Resistor compute range (k) timeworn assess (k)Re0.0563590.056RE*0.6940.680 control panel demonstrate calculated measuring stick resistor think of counting for capacitance determine, Ci ,Co and CEThe by-line shows the go comp osite in the calculations of Ci , CO and CE.Ci and CO act as decoupling capacitances in the circuit. The ability generate decoupling electrical capacitys sift unsought electronic signals which have been coupled onto the indicator tot up potency. (Kelly and Emad 1998). Essentially, what this means is that the decoupling capacitances pulley block the DC voltage epoch permitting the AC to flow. This prevents the DC signal from modify the bias. Also, it blocks the DC from grasp the AC arousal source.The briny pass of the outflank optical condenser was to sink the gain of the amplifier to the coveted survey. Without the scam-circuit capacitance, the gain of the amplifier was effrontery by,Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) hie..31With the innovation of the outflank capacity, the gain was now denoted by,Av = hfe(Rc //RL) (hie + (1 +hfe) Re )36From these two equations, since the numerator is the same, and the denominator is large in 36, hence, the value of Av would be small er. Therefore, the gain would be rock-bottom with the introduction of the ringway capacitance.Also, the bypass electrical capacity is to slump out ruffle at high frequencies. Basically, as the frequency of a signal increases and the pulsate largeness decreases, the resistance of the electrical condenser decreases and the bypass condenser acts as a mulct-change circuit to these high frequency charges. The diarrhoea of high frequency charge is colligate to the value of the optical condenser and the ulterior serial resistance associated with it. (Wenzel et al.1997.)Firstly, when a busy condenser was existence analyzed, (to be calculated), the other two electrical condensers were considered as short circuits. This was make so that the cause of the individual capacitor on the circuit could be analyzed. capacitors act as short circuits, allowing current to flow through them and bypassing the component.The reactance of a capacitor, Xc, is disposed(p) by,Xc =1 (2f C).39where f is the frequency.There would be a voltage pass across the capacitor. With remark to the capacitor at the scuttlebutt, this voltage drop across the capacitor would therefore limit the voltage across the resistors R1 and R2 .Hence , reduce the voltage organism sent to the comment of the amplifier to be amplified. It is desired that the supreme voltage possible, be sent to the input to be amplified. Since this voltage drop across the capacitor limits the voltage being sent to the input, it is therefore desired that the voltage drop across the capacitor be miserable in equality to the input immunity of the circuit. Hence, the reactance of the capacitor was fake to be one tenth of the input impedance, Zi.So, for capacitor Ci, , Reactance cardinal = 1/10 Zi40In figure 12 , the input impedance Zi is tending(p) by,Zi = R1 //R2//hie..41In the transistor data sheet, employ the graph of foreplay Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the tally hie value was 2k.Therefore, Zi = 64k//11k//2kZi =9.387k//2kSo, Zi = 1.649kNow, xci = 1/10 ZiHence, cardinal = 1/10(1.649k)So, xci = 164.9Recall 39, Xc =1 (2fC)Therefore, 91 =1 (2fCi)The verbal expression was rearranged to make Ci the subject.2fCi =1 cardinalTherefore, Ci = 1 (Xci *2f).41Since f represents the lower cut off frequency, which was wedded as 100Hz. Hence the value for Ci was found.C i= 1 (Xci *2f)Ci = 1 (164.9 *2100)Ci = 1 (103609.726)Ci = 0.00000965FSo, Ci = 9.65uFA identical method was used to find CO.The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the product impedance. This was make so that there would be a nominal voltage drop across the capacitor and the level best output voltage dropped across the vitiate resistor, RL.So, XCO = 1/10 ZO, (similar to 40 )Where ZO= (RC//RL)Then, ZO= (3.375k//100k)So ZO= 3.265kSince XCO = 1/10 ZOThen, XCO = 1/10(3.265kXCO =326.5Now, XCO =1(2fCO)The reflection was rearranged to make CO the sub ject. The result was as follows.CO = 1 (XCO *2f)Therefore CO =1(326.5 *2*100)CO = 4.87uFSimilarly, for CE.The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the output impedance. This was through with(p) so that there would be a borderline voltage drop across the capacitor and the maximum output voltage dropped across the resistor, Re.XCE = 1/10 ReXCE = 1/10 (56)XCE = 5.6Since , XCE = 1 (2fCE)The formula was rearranged to make CE the subject. The result was as follows.CE= 1 (XCE*2f)CE = 1 (5.6*2*100)CE = 284uFThe following table shows the calculated, standard and the chosen capacitor determine for Ci ,Co and Ce . capacitance measured Value (uF) cadence capacitance Value(uF)Capacitor value chosen (uF)Ci9.6510 ,4747Co4.874.74.7Ce284330330Table masking metric and trite Capacitor setThe standard capacitor values represent the capacitor values that were available in stores. It is generally uncommon to find a capacitor value of exactly 4.87uF, hence a value of 4.7uF was chosen.The value of Ci was chosen to be 47uF alternatively of 10uf to come across that the frequency was not exceeded. From the equation, C i= 1 (Xci *2f), it was spy that if that capacitor value was increased, the frequency would decrea